![]() Conclusion: Our findings suggest that cognitive differences might reflect underlying neurocognitive processes and may differentiate subtypes of schizophrenia. Results: Patients with paranoid schizophrenia demonstrated higher performance than non-paranoid patients on measures of selective attention/executive function (Stroop Color-Word Interference Test) (F=6.07, p<0.01) and learning/memory functions (Serial Digit Learning Test) (F=8.43, p<0.00). A comprehensive test battery was administered to evaluate a broad range of cognitive functions including attention, executive functions, memory, language, and complex perceptual processing. The mean age was 38.0 +/- 9.1 in the paranoid patients and 39.8 +/- 16.4 in the non-paranoid patients. Methods: Fifty-three patients with schizophrenia, 26 paranoid and 27 non-paranoid, were included in the study. Here, we examine how neuropsychological measures jointly differentiate patients with paranoid schizophrenia from non-paranoid patients. It has been suggested that cognitive functions in the paranoid type of schizophrenia were better protected. ![]() Objective: Cognitive impairments in schizophrenia are associated with different symptom subtypes of schizophrenia. ![]() Risperidone was associated with the highest risk of switching and as expected, clozapine was associated with the lowest risk of switching than that associated with the other SGAs. Compared to the adjusted hazard ratio, for clozapine users, the corresponding ratios for risperidone, ziprasidone, quetiapine and olanzapine were 1.59 (95% CI, 1.57–1.61), 1.41 (95% CI, 1.39–1.44), 1.25 (95% CI, 1.23–1.26) and 1.11 (95% CI, 1.10–1.12) respectively.Ĭonclusion: The groups most susceptible to SGA switching in real-life setting were older individuals, women, and those living in the Brazilian northeast region. The incidence of switching ranged from 37.6/100 person-years for clozapine users to 58.2/100 person-years for risperidone users. Female sex, advanced age of ≥70 years, residence in the Brazilian northeast region, and the type of antipsychotic used were associated with an increased risk of switching ( p < 0.001). Results: In total, 563,765 patients were included. The factors associated with the switches were evaluated by Cox proportional hazards regression and adjusted for sex and age the confidence interval was set at 95% (95% CI). We identified SGA users from 2008 to 2017 by using a national administrative database (Ambulatory Information System-SIA/SUS). Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of outpatients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, who were aged ≥18 years and received a SGA (clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, quetiapine or ziprasidone) from a Brazilian pharmaceutical assistance program for at least 3 months. The main objective was to identify the factors associated with the switching of SGAs in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. ![]() However, the factors associated with SGA switching remain uncertain and related real-world data are scarce. Objective: Switching between second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) is a common clinical practice in the treatment of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders due to differences in the drugs’ tolerability and safety profiles as well as the challenge of obtaining an ideal response. In the remission phase, patients with paranoid schizophrenia expressed cognitive disorders in moderate degree, but when it comes to patients with schizoaffective disorder, more massive cognitive, deficits were registered. Patients with paranoid schizophrenia expressed partial loss of intellectual efficiency with verbal IQ and executive functions preserved. Patients with schizoaffective disorder showed global loss of intellectual efficiency, executive dysfunction and compromised visual-construction organization. The research included 91 subjects, right handed, from 30 to 53 years old, who were classified into three groups: inpatients with paranoid schizophrenia in remission (n=31), inpatients with schizoaffective disorder in remission (n=30) and healthy subjects (n=30).īoth groups of patients showed poorer achievements than healthy subjects in most of the applied tests. The essence of this research is to evaluate cognitive functioning of patients with paranoid schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder by applying neuropsychological tests. Despite the fact that schizophrenia represents a heterogeneous group of mental disorders, usually it is not separated from schizoaffective disorder in neuropsychological researches. Neuropsychological aspects of paranoid schizophrenia have still not been examined enough.These disorders are usually not studied separately, but are included in the studies about schizophrenic patients with positive symptoms.
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